What is the Processing and Expression of Emotions in the Session and Communication?
Moderator: Tahir Ozakkas
Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Turkey
1. presenter: Ayşe Devrim BURÇAK (Ph.D) Psychotherapy Institute-Turkey
2. presenter: Derya Şentürk Psychotherapy Institute-Turkey
3. presenter: Tuba Dursun Tuncel Psychotherapy Institute-Turkey
4. presenter: Nazan Parlak Psychotherapy Institute-Turkey
This panel discusses studies on emotion applied by different theoretical approaches with their clients during the session. It basically examines four basic theories: the transference-focused therapy approach, the Masterson approach, time-limited dynamic psychotherapy and the emotion-focused therapy approach.
The transference-focused therapy approach is theoretically known as the contemporary form of object relations by Melanie Klein. It aims to put psychoanalytic psychotherapies on a scientific basis, based on empirical research by Otto Kernberg and his team. Transference-focused therapy believes that object designs are associated with experiential affects in the development processes of the human brain. Every self, every object design is bound to each other by a bond of affect. Affects are grouped into two poles: pleasant, pleasurable (libidinal) affect, and affects of pain or anger (aggressive). In the context of object relations, this is called libidinal emotions and aggressive emotions. In cases where aggressive emotions are dominant in the theory’s understanding of human psychopathology, the developmental split continues as a defensive split. This causes clinical psychopathological pictures. Neutralization of aggressive emotions by libidinal emotions is the main goal of transference-focused therapy.
The Masterson approach is a integrative approach that integrates developmental psychology, object relations, ego psychology and neurobiology in separation-individuation processes between mother and child. The main emphasis is on whether the baby is libidinally supported by the mother in the first 3 years of life. Masterson approach that takes its source from object relations claims that self disorders will arise if the developmental split turns into a permanent defensive split. If the baby is deprived of the emotional support of the mother at certain stages, the defenses given by the self disorders emerge. These are seen as borderline, narcissistic, schizoid and antisocial self disorders. Realizing the structures created as a false self for the construction of the real self in treatment is the attempt to present herself despite the lack of the inner feeling of mother. This requires abandonment depression. The therapist supports this emotional process that the abandonment depression goes through while building the real self within it based on the painful feelings.
Emotion-focused therapy believes that emotions are at the heart of all relationships. He believes that the seven basic emotions serve as a guide for the survival of human beings in creation and the continuation of relationships. Emotions are divided into primary emotions, secondary emotions, and manipulative emotions. Primary emotions can be adaptive and maladaptive. The goal of emotion-focused therapy is to find ways to access primary adaptive emotions that are appropriate to our creation. The psychopathology of individuals causes secondary feelings or manipulative feelings as a result of not experiencing these guiding feelings and not meeting their needs. Awareness and regulation of emotions and building new emotions are the main goals.
Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy is a form of therapy based on internalized object relations, developmental psychology, and a relational and experiential perspective. Therapy works according to the here and now principle. Its duration is limited. Its goal is determined.
This panel will be discussed by four different analysis on transference-focused therapy, the Masterson approach,time-limited dynamic psychotherapy and emotion-focused therapy on the processing and expression of emotions in the session. In the processing of emotions, the regulation of emotions and the experience of primary emotions are mostly explained in the right brain, while the story of embodying the meaning integrated in the left brain is tried to be realized in the expression of emotions.
Key words: transference-focused therapy, Masterson approach, emotion-focused therapy, time-limited dynamic psychotherapy, affect, emotion
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THE THERAPEUTIC FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS IN A TIME-LIMITED DYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACH
Ayşe Devrim BURÇAK (Ph.D)
Psychotherapy Institute-Turkey
Although they adopt different theoretical views and techniques, emotions are addressed in all theoretical approaches. Although included in psychodynamic approaches, the Time- Dynamic Psychotherapy approach, which differs from dynamic approaches by emphasizing experience and relationship, focuses on developing new experiences on a specific focus in the session. New experience expresses the emotional part of the approach. Among the basic strategies of TLDP is the protection of the therapeutic relationship first. The second is the access to and processing of emotions. The therapist helps the client stay in an emotionally regulated state and encourages the client to experience and express their emotions during the session. It helps the client to reach and deepen the basic emotions associated with maladaptive cycles or feelings about attachment. The therapist allows the client to link the client's feelings and personal meanings with their patterns by asking questions about introjection. Looking from these aspects, TLDP is among the effective approaches that work directly and deeply with emotion.
In this study, how emotions are handled by the therapist in the Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy approach and which techniques and methods are used will be explained in comparison with the other approaches in the panel, which are Transference-Focused Psychotherapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and the Masterson Approach. It is thought that explaining the approaches by emphasizing the aspects that are similar and separated from each other will contribute to the literature in this field.
Key Words: Emotion focused therapy, transference focused therapy, time-limeted dynamic therapy, Masterson approach, integration in psychotherapy.
The Meaning of Emotions in The Psychotherapy Session.
Derya Şentürk
Emotions are the core of psychotherapy. We can evaluate people and their emotions according to many theories. For example, in the Behaviroral and Classical Psychoanalytic apporach , the source of human emotions is based on pleasure and elimination. According to the Object Relations approach, human emotions are formed in the process experienced between the object and itself. Emotion- Focused Therapy approach focuses on the observed or experienced emotion. Emotion are always an area to work with in the psychotherapy process.
Leslie Greenberg explains that it is the emotional experience ( corrective emotional experience) of what is known, rather than awareness, that heals people. Emotion Focused Therapy approach focusses on the experience of emotions and their verbal expression, as well as putting them into words and putting them into meaning through the body and organs.
According to the Emotion – Focused Therapy approach, emotions are linked to our basic needs. They are quick reminder to protect our well – being and give us the knowledge of what is good and what is bad for us. This is the healty (adaptive) and natural (primary) state of emotion. When emotion is not regulated in the way, secondary emotions and manipulative emotions come into play.
The key of change, according to Emotion – Focused Therapy, is feeling and experiencing emotions. Lack of awareness of emotions, avoidance of emotions, and denial of emotional experience are important obstacles to recovery.
Emotions are the main study material in the Emotion – Focused Therapy session. Emotions are classified according to their types and functions. Transformation is aimed with awareness and emotional experience.
Key words: Emotion, experience, regulation, awareness
Abstract
Therapeutic intervention techniques in the framework of the Masterson
Tuba Dursun Tuncel
Masterson claims that The Real Self is the way to realize oneself. The Real Self is being the self in accordance with the natural ability and inner potential of a person. On the other hand, the False Self refers to the self which emerges based on a defense. Masterson states that the path to the Real Self is through the abandonment depression. In other words, every individual has a spontaneous desire to act on one’s own behalf called self-activation. If she is supported by the mother in infancy, she becomes someone who enjoys self-activation and self-discovery throughout her life. The inner feelings that constitute the primitive center of the self and the compassion shown by the libidinal object constitute the child’s self. If the opposite happens, the child goes into abandonment depression and experiences feelings such as anxiety. In the future, when this person encounters a situation in which s/he needs a self-activation, s/he makes defenses in order not to experience depression and cannot make self-activation happen. During the therapy, feelings such as anger, fear, guilt, helplessness and emptiness and nothingness that cause abandonment depression will be on focus. The main goal in the Masterson approach is to enable the client to be aware of the primitive defenses s/he uses and make him/her understand how these defenses prevent his / her contact with reality by using the transference and countertransference technique to make him move to a more mature level. In this study, intervention methods used in therapy of clients with Schizoid, Borderline and Narcissistic Self disorder will be examined in a general framework.
Key Words: schizoid self disorder, narcissistic self disorder, borderline self disorder, false self, real self, abandonment depression
What Do Emotions Mean in the Session?
Studying Emotions in Transference-Focused Psychotherapy
Nazan Parlak
In this panel on what emotions mean in the sessions, the subject will be viewed from the perspective of “Transference Focused Psychotherapy ” and the emotions experienced during the session will be explained through some case examples.
Whichever theory the psychotherapist works according to, when the emotion does not work in the session, it only makes the patient feel good but cannot heal. Transference-focused Psychotherapy sets out to study the emotion with verbal or non-verbal transference elements as soon as the patient enters the door.
The events that have begun to be experienced from the moment we are born and their emotional patterns are stored like an archive in some brain regions. These are object relationships with caregivers. According to Transference-Focused Psychotherapy, object relations established with important others in early childhood are put on the stage again “through the therapist” in the session. Emotions conveyed to the therapist are the reflection and repetition of past patterns. During the session, the transfer and countertransference data in the room is followed by the therapist from moment to moment. The relationship between the therapist and the patient and the way the patient perceives himself and the object in the event he describes, the “feeling” arising from this perception is accepted as a reflection of his repeating relationship pattern. In this way, the process progresses by establishing connections between the past and the present.
How is it possible that during the psychotherapy process, one person can activate the other and the changes that occur in the person at the end of this process become permanent? We can accept this as the emotion regulation process. In this context, Transference-Focused Psychotherapy prepares the ground for creating and developing the learning process by re-experiencing it during the session. During the session, the emotions experienced in verbal and non-verbal forms are interpreted and support is given to the client’s contact with his inner world.
In this talk, the meaning of everything that the client tells in his world will be discussed through his perception of self and object. The feeling that this object relationship (diad) creates in him will be discussed in the subjectivity of the client, and will be exemplified.
Keywords: Emotion, Transference, Object Relations, Diad, countertransference